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Book-Specific Resources / Documenting Sources / APA Format: In-Text Citations APA style requires parenthetical references in the text to document quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and other material from a source. These citations correspond to full bibliographic entries in a list of references at the end of the text. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Generally, use the author's name in a signal phrase to introduce the cited material, and place the date, in parentheses, immediately after the author's name.
For a quotation, the page number, preceded by p., appears in parentheses after the quotation.
As Fanderclai (2001) observed, older siblings play an important role in the development of language and learning skills. Chavez (2003) noted that "six years after slim cigarettes for women were introduced, more than twice as many teenage girls were smoking" (p. 13). For a long, set-off quotation (one having more than forty words), place the page reference in
parentheses one space after the final punctuation. For electronic texts or other works without page numbers,
paragraph numbers may be used, preceded by the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation para.
Weinberg (2000) has claimed that "the techniques used in group therapy can be verbal, expressive, or psychodramatic." (¶ 5) When you do not mention the author in a signal phrase in your text, give the author's name and the date, separated by a comma, in parentheses at the end of the cited material. One study found that 17% of adopted children in the United States are of a different race than their adoptive parents (Peterson, 2003). Use both names in all citations. Use and in a signal phrase, but use an ampersand (&) in parentheses.
Babcock and Laschever (2003) have suggested that many women do not negotiate their salaries and
pay raises as vigorously as their male counterparts do.
List all the authors' names for the first reference.
Safer, Voccola, Hurd, and Goodwin (2003) reached somewhat different conclusions by designing a study that was less dependent on subjective judgment than were previous studies. In subsequent references, use just the first author's name plus et al.
Based on the results, Safer et al. (2003) determined that the apes took significant steps
toward self-expression.
Use only the first author's name and et al. in every citation.
As Soleim et al. (2002) demonstrated, advertising holds the potential for distorting and manipulating "free-willed" consumers. If the name of an organization or a corporation is long, spell it out the first time, followed by
an abbreviation in brackets. In later references, use the abbreviation only.
Use the title or its first few words in a signal phrase or in parentheses. A book's title is
italicized, as in the following example; an article's title is placed in quotation marks.
The employment profiles for this time period substantiated this trend (Federal Employment, 2001). If your list of references includes works by different authors with the same last name, include the
authors' initials in each citation.
S. Bartolomeo (2000) conducted the groundbreaking study on teenage childbearing.
List sources by different authors in alphabetical order by authors' last names, separated by semicolons.
(Cardone, 1998; Lai, 2002)
List works by the same author in chronological order, separated by commas.
(Lai, 2000, 2002)
Use abbreviations (chap., p., and so on) in a parenthetical reference to name the part of a
work you are citing.
Mogolov (2003, chap. 9) argued that his research yielded the opposite results.
Cite any personal letters, email, electronic postings, telephone conversations, or interviews with
the person's initial(s) and last name, the identification personal communication, and the date. Note, however,
that APA recommends not including personal communications in the reference list.
R. Tobin (personal communication, November 4, 2003) supported his claims about music therapy with new evidence. To cite an entire Web site, include its address in parentheses in your text (http://www.gallup.com); you
do not need to include it in your list of references. To cite part of a text found on the Web, indicate the chapter or
figure, as appropriate. To cite a quotation, include the page or paragraph numbers.
Zomkowski argued the importance of "ensuring equitable access to the Internet" (2003, p. 3). |
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